312 – Constantine the Great sees the “Vision of the Cross” before a pivotal battle against Maxentious, which leads to his conversion to Christianity and the subsequent conversion of the Roman Empire.
1275 – According to tradition, Amsterdam is founded on this day.
1682 – The City of Brotherly Love (Philadelphia) is founded.
1787— The first of the Federalist Papers, to rally support for the US Constitution, is printed in a New York newspaper.
1904 – The New York City Subway opens.
1964 – Former actor Ronald Reagan delivers his “A Time for Choosing” speech in support Barry Goldwater, a GOP Candidate for president. This launches his political career.
1992 – A Navy radioman is brutally murdered by a fellow sailor for being gay. The resulting debate about gays in the military leads to the controversial “Don’t ask, don’t tell” military policy.
2002— Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is elected president of Brazil. He is the country’s first elected leftist leader.
2004 – Curse Reversed! The Boston Red Sox win the World Series for the first time in 86 years.
2005— French surgeons perform the first partial face transplant on a woman who was attacked by a dog.